Monday, December 30, 2019

Cause-Effect Essay

Cause-Effect Essay My preference of career entails practical nursing. Therefore, this field encompasses an issue of scrutiny in daily livelihood. Recently, there depicts increased advancements with relation to the practice in primeval times. A practitioner in the segment contents with dynamism world over. This owes clarification from the information that culture and conservativeness domineered medicine practice. Therefore, this essay seeks to illuminate issues justifying the career path and related effects. Causes triggering the career choice The career entails compelling factors that explain reasons entangling the selection. One of the causes involves daily struggles endured by nurses while attempting to endeavor in political arenas and other fields. This compels my urge to venture into the career path coupled with the motive of championing for welfare encompassed by the practitioners. In addition, my desire to engage in society advancements steers the career alternative. This owes explication from the information that I focus on divulging incredible assistance to my community. Therefore, my peak aspiration entails engaging in environmental programs with the aspiration of supporting the society. â€Å"Nursing in prehistoric period was delineated by health practices that were strongly guided by beliefs of magic, religion and superstition.† (Cherry and Susan 3) Moreover, the news of populaces rooted in stereotypes and conservativeness that pose amplified challenges to medicine obliges my participation into the arena. This would enable me to intervene in championing for reception of current medicine. This draws the clarification that substantial populaces display conviction to traditional healing (Cherry and Susan 3). This includes consultation of gods, rituals and magic motives. Therefore, the aspiration of instilling dynamism to populaces triggers the career path. An additional cause includes the desire to ascertain that patients regain their wellbeing. This will culminate to personal satisfaction regarding my career selection. Moreover, exceptional factors depicting indulgence to practical nursing include the agenda of steering for welfare catering for nurses. Nurses endure lots of trying circumstances while ascertaining that wellbeing of patients. One of the predicament involved minimal rewards from governmental bodies. Effects of the career choice A universal predicament would be enduring the predicament of enduring variant patients who depict personal weaknesses. For instance, patients encompassing underprivileged language barriers would pose immense implications to my career. This draws explication from the information that conservative persons still employ vernaculars while articulating needs. This explains that language predicaments would render the practice cumbersome. My careers selection would also culminate to encountering problems while assuming nursing prejudice to indulge in political arenas. This draws clarification from the information that societies regard nurse as individuals supposed to venture in their profession opposed to indulging in political arenas. Nurses also endure the predicament of facing prejudice that their profession requires privacy. â€Å"Being a nurse means†¦you will never be bored†¦you will be frustrated, you will be surrounded by challenges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cherry and Susan 6) In addition, the vocation selection would culminate to problematic occurrences that will seek de-motivating my practice. This owes explication from the information that work environments content with predicaments posed by authorities, patients and colleagues. For instance, an effect that stem up would include interaction with different personalities. This explicates that the interaction culminates to exposure to practitioners. Exposure explicates that the practitioner endures countless ideologies emanating from the exposure. This exonerates that exposure elevates practitioners intelligence. An effect stemming from pursuing practical nursing includes evading life engagements to ascertain supreme devotedness to handling patients. Practical nursing necessitates that personnel in the field exemplify amplified concern to patients. The profession also demands that personnel indulge substantial duration’s to ascertaining wellbeing of patients. This owes explanation to night shifts displayed by the practitioners. In addition, selection of the career would culminate to disregards for countless agendas coupled with the motive of devoting time in medical arenas. An added effect involves vulnerability to diseases experienced by patients. This explicates that patients displaying contagious ailments may render elevated risks to practitioners (Cherry and Susan 6). Consequently, safety in the profession counts immensely. This stems from the information that practitioners may endure diseases like Ebola and TB that culminate to severe situations. Therefore, the career preference culminates to the effect of disease vulnerability and threats in the field. Therefore, the practice presents disease cases that may deter my progression. In addition, the selection explicates that the career path encompasses elevated predicaments that render practices intricate.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

A Look at Meditation Essay - 986 Words

A Look at Meditation In this modern day and age, the negative effects of stress are unavoidable. People have tried various methods to help cope with stress, everything from exercise and diet to alternative methods like biofeedback. However, the most effective method to deal with stress is not one of these modern methods but rather a 5,000 year-old idea: Meditation. Meditation not only helps reduce the negative effects of stress, but also leads to a better sense of well-being by uniting mind and body. The basic principles and practices of meditation are rooted in Hinduism, an Asian religion whose followers believe that the soul is eternal and maintains an eternal relationship with God. Hindus believe that because†¦show more content†¦Meditation allows us to step outside the situation, seeing ourselves as the observer rather than the victim, and opens us up to other points of view. By broadening our perspective, we are better able to deal with those responses that are destructive. By doing so, we can learn to recognize emotional pain and not be oppressed by it. This concept is similar to the cancer patient who takes morphine to control physical pain; The drug helps control the pain but the patient is still aware of it. Meditation has been proven to be both physically and emotionally beneficial, but why hasnt this union of body and mind become so popular until recently? As the baby boomers get older, their unorthodox methods of youth have evolved into acceptance as mainstream culture. New developments in science have also forced psychiatrists to re-examine the effectiveness of medicines and have come to the conclusion that there is a limit to what they can do. A conscious effort must be made on the part of the patient as medicine can not cure everything. Individuals are assuming responsibility for their own well-being. Meditation appeals to educated people and has been very popular and successful in helping the upper classes of American society deals with stress. More recently, as meditation moves into mainstream medicine the lower income classes are also beginning to explore meditation. Andrea La Fave of the Maharishi Vedic UniversityShow MoreRelatedWhy Mindfulness Meditation Gaining So Much Popularity Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesWhy Is Mindfulness Meditation Gaining So Much Popularity in the West? By Charles A Francis | Submitted On March 26, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Charles A Francis If you re newRead MoreMajor Misunderstandings About Meditation By Ray Baskerville985 Words   |  4 Pages8 Major Misunderstandings About Meditation By Ray Baskerville | Submitted On July 24, 2009 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Ray Baskerville Meditation is growing increasingly in popularityRead MoreEssay on Buddhist Meditation906 Words   |  4 PagesMeditation is very difficult to describe and can only truly be explained once experienced. It is the practice of mental concentration leading ultimately through a sequence of stages to the final goal of spiritual freedom, nirvana. The purpose of Buddhist meditation is to free ourselves from the delusion and thereby put an end to both ignorance and craving. The Buddhists describe the culminating trance-like state as transient; final Nirvana requires the insight of wisdom. The exercises that are meantRead MoreBuddhist Meditation Practice And Buddhism1072 Words   |  5 Pages Over this past year I have been involved in a buddhist meditation practice, I have been through stages of resisting, doubting, and now more accepting this practice. The buddhist meditation practice I participated in is a controversial religion in Taiwan. Even though the religion has almost a hundred thou sand followers including celebrities and business leaders, the religion itself is still being judged by others due to its beliefs. 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However, a high percentage of the world population now has a new interest in meditation because they need to end their depression and stress pressed upon them by their heavy daily duties at work or school. In fact the most effective method to deal with stress is not one of these modern methods but it’s a thousands year-old idea; Meditation. Meditation not onlyRead MoreFive Simple Mindfulness Skills That Work Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesthis article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Debra Burdick Mindfulness meditation consists of skills and methods to unplug from the busy world around you and from the busy monkey brain so often experienced in today s life and particularly in ADHD, anxiety and depression. According to Jon Kabat-Zinn, mindfulness meditation trains and reinforces the ability to pay attention to the present moment, on purpose which helps to increase concentrationRead MoreIsabella Vigil . Mr.Short . College Composition . 19 March848 Words   |  4 PagesComposition 19 March 2017 A Spiritual Gain but a Financial Lose Meditation has always been seen as a way to keep the mind and soul healthy. Mediation dates back to 1500 BCE originating in Ancient India. The practice soon started to expand and adapt to other cultures around the world. Some of the earliest references to meditation are found in the Hindu scriptures and it was around the 6th to 5th centuries that other forms of meditation developed into Confucian, Taoist China, and Buddhist India (Taham)Read MoreBuddhist Meditation Essay965 Words   |  4 Pages Meditation is very difficult to describe and can only truly be explained once experienced. It is the practice of mental concentration leading ultimately through a sequence of stages to the final goal of spiritual freedom, nirvana. The purpose of Buddhist meditation is to free ourselves from the delusion and thereby put an end to both ignorance and craving. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

AIDS Article Free Essays

The article is written by a gay man, who lost his first partner to AIDS and dedicated himself to spreading information about HIV prevention and campaigning for governmental attention to the problem in order to save ‘other gay and bisexual men from losing the ones they love’ (Williams, 2006, para. 6). Clark Williams also served as the interim executive director of the Billy DeFrank LGBT Community Center at the moment of the article’s release and as a manager of county’s HIV prevention, counseling, and testing initiatves in 2001-2003. We will write a custom essay sample on AIDS Article or any similar topic only for you Order Now The article reports the LGBT community of Santa Clara County joining other concerned citizens at a meeting where the county’s Board of Supervisors Chair promised to attract additional financial resources to strengthen public health system in the face of accelerating rate of HIV transmission. The focus of the effort should be prevention and early diagnosis. The article recalls the start of HIV/AIDS epidemic that was first regarded as a rare form of cancer endangering gay and bisexual male New Yorkers. In 2006, the number of Americans who died from AIDS reached 550,000 and continued to grow. Approximately 40,000 citizens are getting infected with HIV every year. Santa Clara County, for its part, has lost 2,000 residents to the disease. More than 2,500 were living with HIV/AIDS; this number might have been considerably higher because one in three citizens having HIV remains undiagnosed. 80 percent of new infections with the virus in Santa Clara County were among gay and bisexual males. Santa Clara County is reported as being ‘near the heart of our nation’s HIV/AIDS epidemic’ (Williams, 2006, para. 5). Apart from focusing on the human tragedy of living with HIV diagnosis or loosing a friend, a family member, a colleague, or a neighbor to the disease, the article discusses the problem of HIV/AIDS through the prism of financial burden on the county’s social security system. Lifetime cost of HIV treatment is estimated to be as high as $155,000 per patient. These costs are much higher if the disease is not diagnosed at early stages, which is often the case in Santa Clara County, where patients learn about their HIV status in an emergency room. However, the author notes several positive developments in the field of public health, such as risk reduction counseling to people living with HIV/AIDS and public HIV test counseling locations. Santa Clara County is compared with San Francisco, where HIV test counseling facilities are abundant. In Santa Clara County, there is only one public testing facility, despite the fact that the number of LGBT is over 100,000 in the area. The Billy DeFrank LGBT Community Center is deemed as the most appropriate place to establish another full-time test counseling facility, since it is known for its excellence in providing HIV prevention to at-risk population. One additional testing facility will not solve the problem in the county. It is not only LGBT population that is especially affected by the spread of HIV/AIDS. Other vulnerable groups include ethnic minorities, homeless and runaway youth, and drug addicts. Therefore, five part-time testing centers should be opened across Santa Clara County. One of the main strengths of the article is the fact that it is written from an insider’s perspective. Rapport between the author and readers is immediately established when Clark Williams shares his personal tragedy of loosing his loved once to AIDS. However, emotional pathos is not the main component of the writer’s credibility: Williams is a leader of Santa Clara County’s LGBT community, knowledgeable of the actual Status Quo with regard to HIV/AIDS prevention and counseling. How to cite AIDS Article, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Emerging Technology and Innovation-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Technology and Innovation. Answer: In Template Mention Technology has been an issue of rapid change and has been undergoing a development on a continuous rate. FMEC or Fogg and Mobile Edge Computing have been one such issue which has acquired a global interest. It is basically a unit associated with cloud computing and also discuss the various provisions, security factors, and essentialities which are related to the former. The various theories as revealed from a number of aspects along with an all round approach to this new innovation has been dealt herewith. Introduction The world is prone to changes as we all know and it is this factor of change which has resulted in the developments so far of which the entire human race proudly stands today. Among every other factor and essential of change, the most important one where almost every development is directly dependent upon is technology [6]. Among every other agent of change, technology today stands as the most important which is prone to the largest extent of changes. Without almost any least factor of any possible risk, the breakthrough developments and changes in technology promise to provide the best solutions to even the most acute problems and the most serious problems arising in the ever changing human civilization. An annual compilation of all the important innovations as recorded in the World Economic Forum, gives a detailed information regarding the developments that took place from almost every field which is considered important in todays world ranging from hydrogen fuelled zero emission c ars to computer chips which are modelled and designed on human brain. These compilations give us a vast outlook regarding the wide range of innovations, improvements needed to transform our industries and safeguard and improvise our planet and our lifestyles. In this aspect cloud computing requires special reference as it has become an important part in the entire process of development and related applications and services that are carried forward in a business environment along with the contribution and impact of every individual user of the concerned company [8]. Discussions Materials And Methods There are several aspects related to Fogg and Mobile Edge Computing which makes it a perfect approach as related in relation to the above mentioned purpose [11]. These purposes are the chief functioning geographical factors behind the true and successful involvement of servers who serve a spontaneous relation and momentum and maintain closeness to the users. The main motive and intention behind the application of Fogg And Mobile Edge Computing is to deal with real and heavy time applications at the edge of networks by bringing billions of connected mobile services into use. FMEC 2017 has an aim to investigate, enquire and investigate the importance of Mobile Edge Computing devices. Along with this, it also aims at providing for moral contributions which would help in sorting and solving out the problems and challenges associated with Mobile Edge Computing . In brief, the main and primary intention behind FMEC 2017 is to provide a basic working structure to scientists, engineers, and researchers so that they could discuss and exchange new formats and ideas owing to new improved and moral results and also a well defined and acquired experience on almost every aspect related to Fogg and Mobile Edge Computing. In such cases, original research works are duly appreciated and accepted from researchers and related examiners. Qualitative research is preferred in case of the research methodologies which deal with research work on topics regarding and related to FMEC security issues and other related modelling matters [1]. The first step taken up in this process is listing down all the research options that are required in the process and the necessary preparations associated with it, which also includes all the related questions which are needed to be answered on this basis. Cloud computing applications are important as their use and application has been used and preferred to be helpful and beneficial over large extents in many places around the world. FMEC services promise to offer an all round, enhanced and better quality service, which are however, adversely affected by several associating issues related as well as contained in it. It is because of these factors that the questions related to and regarding FMEC products and services is urgently requires to be solved, and are clubbed under extremely impor tant issues in this purpose. Many researchers have covered several topics related to FMEC services like security issues, privacy issues, and modelling issues [15]. A related literary view regarding this aspect can be given, which would consider the research works as a second step in the entire research process. However, there are several other research topics and issues which require due consideration and importance to be given as a step to improve the performance and service of this field. There are many methods which can be used as a means to improve and improvise the services related to FMEC sector among which, Qualitative method is given the best position in this regard as it suits with all the requirements and its nature is appropriate with the problems so arising in this regard. Also, qualitative method promises to solve almost all the major or basic problems related to FMEC sector. The three most important stages and requirements involved in qualitative research measures are action research, grounded research, primary or initial theory and phenomenology, which can also be termed as the qualitative measures as used in this research process. The next steps included in the research process include data collection, data sampling, and analysis. These steps are required to be followed after the initial steps and processes. Apart from these two series of steps, there are another set of procedures which serve important roles in the entire process of FMEC research, they are proper analysis of research papers, study and proper examination and analysis of online journals and articles, which help a great deal in the collection of data and gathering and collecting the important and necessary information regarding the research processes In this aspect, there are certain areas which are considered as the important and major areas in the research work and the researchers are required as well as encouraged to make their analysis and studies on these and submit original works as a contribution to the entire research program [2]. These topics or as said, areas of research which require original contribution may be grouped under the following heads:- Systems including Mobile cloud computation Privacy and security issues related to FMEC Billing models and pricing charts regarding FMEC researches VANETS and MANETS supporting FMEC Computations based on cloudlet Computations based on dew FMEC architecture including essentials like mechanisms relating to lightweight authentication Models accessing control in FMEC Proper identification and allowance of incentives to FMEC providers Challenges and other open issues regarding FMEC which predominantly serve as the upcoming and important issues regarding this aspect Quality services and other related improvement techniques as under FMEC Architecture features and other developmental aspects under FMEC Communication issues and real time interfaces regarding protocols Scheduling resources that help in enhancing reliability and scalability Proper resources for monitoring resources and measuring utilization mechanisms Studies and researcher for the proper allocation of resources Loading and predicting models for optimizing user satisfaction Proper and efficient virtualization Data storage and efficient allocation of required resources as per the requirements of FMEC format and platform Proper deployment and application of suitable strategies Measures for admission control as per the requirements of FMEC Large scale issues such as social engineering, threats arising from within the working structure and advanced problems of pear pushing Handling incidents and testing the extent to which the research ideologies penetrate the prevailing working layout and structure The required security protocols Forensic analysis and virtual networking of FMEC working platform Virtualization of the networks and sufficient access to cloud based networks Formatting proper security to mobile networks and mobile formattin FMEC Modelling Issues FMEC model and architecture involves a number of varied numbers of different types of elements which have different natures as well. For example, the edge data centers are formulated, established and structured as per their specific module and format, and are owned and deployed with the intent of providing proper required aid and help of the providers of infrastructure which provide and allow the implementation of an infrastructure which has multi tenant visualizing features [4]. The well equipped services that are provided by these centers, better called as data centers, are so efficiently formulated and structured, that they can be used by any user present in the entire network. One important feature of these data centers is that, although they function extensively and operate on their own created network and environment, they do not connect themselves entirely from the traditional setting or cloud. As a result and outcome of this, a different type of model is formed which is entir ely based on the hierarchical and multi talented architectural model or such type of framework. Many types of modeling issues are been associated with the existing mobile and continuously changing platforms because of their close relation and association with the FMEC services. These problems can also be accrued to the prevalence and presence of the traditional factor and the traditional features which so come up due to such association of factors concerning these aspects and matters [8]. These issues or problems take up various forms such as those of configuration, which are related to connectivity and integration in return. The reason behind the existence of these of these factors can be related to the causes such that the level of FMEC services which are still in their initial startup stage which is considered to be the stage of expansion and hence, all the required or prevailing services are not taken up by all or each member who is a part of this extensive service. Many modeling concerns still come up as the process of transformation is still working up and measures are st ill been incorporated for upgrading it which is the factor giving rise to several problems regarding modeling issues. FMEC models use various kinds of models and hardwares which are heterogeneous in their nature and various other variants of components which are associated with a high rate of mobility making the entire structure a distinctive working platform [16]. This architecture pattern of FMEC services branched out, decentralized and distributed allotting the entire working format a characteristic and nature which welcomes and gives birth to many security problems and similar concerns as well as a variety of designing issues. Within a socially acclaimed preview, the FMEC implementation programme and project managed to survive as per the needs of both the society and people associated with the entire programme as well as the initial learners who have been associated with the functioning of the entire project. Proper collaboration and communication among the stakeholders was an important reason behind the overall development and success of the entire project and programme [14]. FMEC Security Issues Security is an important requirement in almost every sector and every field related to development and innovations. Absence of proper security measures can not only bring everything to a state of failed attempts, but may also render every effort related to the particular work fruitless. Hence, ensuring proper security and safety initiatives is very important to make sure that every work is cordially performed and also to make everything related with it to be working fluently without any hindrances and problems. However, in spite of securing every possible means of security, there always remains some or the other matter which comes out as an issue of importance as per the security and safety of the works done are concerned. Even in the case of FMEC issues a number of security challenges, issues, threats, and concerns have been figured out [12]. After proper research on such issues and related keen study, these issues have turned out to be having sufficient potential to disturb the ent ire working and cause a serious threat and damage to the entire structure creating severe impacts on the users. As regarding the network structures, there are serious security problems have posed a serious threat to the entire chain and network of the working structure. Denial of service attack has been market as the most important primary threat affecting the basic infrastructure of the FMEC services and has turned out to be a matter of serious concern demanding immediate action over it. As these services remain active and working in their autonomous or semi autonomous manner, the Denial of Service Attack fails to create a complete breakdown in the functioning of the FMEC services thereby putting apparently a full stop in the entire working process. However, the impact or effect which they leave upon the working process is not at all an easy figure. The performance of services is seriously affected which can be dangerous to the extent of lowering the level and marking of the level of use of the services and may also lower the rate of satisfaction of the consumers using it. These problems may even reduce the rate of user satisfaction level causing a serious problem to the entire functioning panorama of the networking and functioning ideals. Apart from these, there may be entities and bodies holding a negative of malicious intent and taking advantage of such situations they may hold up or capture a certain particular part from the whole networking range through methods such as eves dropping. These attacks are quite damaging and are commonly called man in the middle attack. They can have an extremely damaging and dangerous impact as they tend to affect the very initial elements which perform and act through notes which are pre targeted. There is yet another type of attack called the rogue gateway attack in which is characterized by the ones who design to attack launch and operate with their own constructed devices and their attack is chiefly concentrated in the various networking channels. This attack is also known as the middle class man attack where the position of the entire networking and performing base becomes weak due to the continuous strikes made on it without offering it any chance of producing or procuring any means to protect itself and defend from such continuous attacks. They attack as the middle man who damages both the upper layer workers, lower level workers, and the customers thus giving a blow from every possible way. This prospect enables the process to slow down and engulfs third party involvement for the user. There are several processes that are available in the market there are further professionals that are involved with the process of cloud computing and at the same time it must ensure that the process of cloud computing do not become a hostile service where only few users can be used on a single note. These technologies are no different for the new technologies that are present in this capitalist world. The process of cloud computing is far more engrossed and is even commercialized with all its pros and cons that are taken into consideration. The edge data servers or the extended limit of data servers are affected by yet another form of attack in which the security issues are concerned with unfamiliar services or unfamiliar organs of the networking structure. In this case, the devices or the working nodes that are frequently captured and affected are those of the Fof nodes or may also include devices used by the users or consumers. These units are captured and destroyed and as a result, the consumers or the users turn out to be the ones who get worst affected by the attacks. Conclusion These attacks have a very intense and dangerous effect and rupture the entire working of the network. Information which are extremely confidential may pass from the trapped notes and be captured by any of the insiders or outsiders as the case may be, and can be modulated or utilized in the most dangerous way so as to bring the whole working layout to a standstill. The internal working formats may be disrupted and destroyed making the working too difficult to be brought back into pace. The attackers rupture the entire working structure, destroying the original one and creating their own working channels which cause a serious and severe blow to the initial and original working structure and functioning format as well as the consumers and workers. We can easily state that cloud computing has several benefits but at the same time it has many issues as well that can be raised easily when it is stored in several data centres all across the globe. These data easily becomes target for the ha ckers that is further initiated by the employers of cloud computing. References I. Paoletti and P. Tardini,Mass innovation. Santarcangelo di Romagna (Rimini): Maggioli, 2011. Emerging cognitive neuroscience and related technologies. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2008. V. Shah,Emerging environmental technologies. [New York]: Springer, 2010. N. Ekekwe and N. Islam,Disruptive technologies, innovation and global redesign. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, 2012. S. Bhowmik,Cloud Computing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. P. Ordo?n?ez de Pablos, W. Lee and J. Zhao,Regional innovation systems and sustainable development. Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference, 2011. J. Eriksson Lundstro?m, M. Wiberg, S. Hrastinski, M. Edenius and P. A?gerfalk,Managing Open Innovation Technologies. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2013. C. Edquist,Systems of Innovation. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013. L. Berkowitz and C. McCarthy,Innovation with information technologies in healthcare. London: Springer, 2013. Cloud Computing. Que Publishing, 2009. C. Antonelli,The economics of innovation. London: Routledge, 2006. A. Kyrtse?s,Financial markets and organizational technologies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. J. Gertner,The idea factory. New York: Penguin Press, 2012. D. Koepsell,Innovation and nanotechnology. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. I. Timm,Multiagent system technologies. Berlin: Springer, 2012. M. Nakajima,Payment system technologies and function. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference, 201